Employment of PhD Holders in Greece Based on the 2011 and 2021 Censuses: Changes, Gender Differences, and Demographic Dynamics

Abstract

This study examines the employment status of doctorate holders in Greece based on data from the 2011 and 2021 population censuses conducted by ELSTAT. It investigates gender and temporal differences in economic activity, distinguishing between active and inactive individuals and further categorising them into subgroups (e.g., employed, unemployed, retirees, students, homemakers). Statistical analysis includes the Chi-square test and Cramér's V to assess significance and strength of association. The findings reveal a statistically significant but very weak relationship between gender and economic activity (Cramér’s V = 0,007). In contrast, a more substantial shift is observed over time, with an increase in economically active PhD holders from 2011 to 2021 (Cramér’s V = 0,090, p < 0,001). Gender disparities are more evident among the economically inactive, particularly retirees and housekeepers (Cramér’s V = 0,303). The results highlight evolving employment patterns among PhD holders over the last decade, reflecting broader socio-economic and gender-related dynamics. These insights contribute to ongoing research on doctoral employment and offer evidence to inform policies in higher education, labor market integration, and gender equality in Greece.